1776 De L'Isle / Santini Map of North America and the Arctic (Sea of the West)

This is the Buache / De l'Isle map of North America, Siberia, the Arctic, and the North Pacific in its 1776 Venice edition published by Francois Santini. Joseph Nicolas De l'Isle's and Philippe Buache drew this map to illustrate their speculations on the feasibly of a Northwest Passage. Cartographically, this map is derived from data secreted from the Russian 'Academy of Sciences' combined with Buache's own speculations on the Northwest Passage. This map is highly significant for its revival of the 'Sea of the West' hypothesis. This is a landmark map and perhaps the single most influential map of the region issued in the mid-18th century.

Seminal Russian Cartography, Purloined

When Joseph-Nicholas de De L'Isle (younger brother of Guillaume de De L'Isle) returned from his tenure at Peter the Great's Academy of Sciences, he promptly published the cartographic data gathered in Russian expeditions to Kamchatka and the coast of Siberia. These seminal - and heretofore secret - explorations included the discoveries of Aleksei Ilyich Chirikov (Tchirikow), Nicholas de Frondat, and Vitus Bering, among others. De L'Isle produced a groundbreaking and largely accurate mapping of Kamchatka and the coast of northeast Asia, revealed here. This he presented in manuscript form to the Paris Royal Academie des Sciences on April 8, 1750. Although this date appears on all editions of the map, the first edition was not actually printed until 1752. There were numerous subsequent issues, this one by Santini being the last.

The Fantastic Mapping of Buache

De L'Isle collaborated with Philippe Buache, already a prominent cartographic figure, to complete the North American part of the map. Buache used the mythical voyages of Admiral de Fonte, Martin Aguilar, and Juan de Fuca as his cartographic source material. The two sides of this map therefore could not be more heavily contrasted, for the mapping of Asia is broadly accurate where the mapping of North America is almost entirely fantastical. This map shows the 'Sea of the West,' supposedly discovered by Fuca, as well as the series of lakes, rivers, and canals heading eastward toward the Baffin and Hudson Bays that were purportedly first identified by De Fonte. These include Lac de Fonte, Lac Belle, and Lac de Valasco.

Dreams of a Northwest Passage

The De Fonte legend first appeared in a 1706 English publication entitled Memoirs of the Curious. This short-lived magazine published a previously unknown account by a supposed Spanish Admiral named Bartholomew de Fonte. De Fonte is said to have sailed up the Pacific coast of North America in 1640. On this voyage he apparently discovered a series of gigantic lakes, seas, and rivers heading eastward from the Pacific towards Hudson Bay. The De Fonte story relates how, on one of these great inland lakes, he met with a westward bound ship from Boston that can only have come through the 'Northwest Passage'. Today, based upon inaccuracies and falsities, we know the entire De Fonte article to have been a fabrication, but it set 18th century Europe afire with speculation that an inland Northwest Passage must indeed exist. Even such luminaries as Benjamin Franklin wrote strenous defenses of De Fonte. Our map offers an uncommon variant on the De Fonte passage, positioning its western entrance well to the north in order to accommodate the Sea of the West and situating its outlet at the Baffin rather than the Hudson Bay.

The Sea of the West

By far the most interesting aspects of this map deal with De L'Isle and Buache's treatment of the largely unexplored Pacific Northwest. A vast sea, called the Sea of the West or in this case the Baye de L'Ouest, occupies the greater part of the northwestern part of the continent. This body of water, alternatively called the Sea of the West or Mer de l'Ouest, was proposed by Philippe Buache and De l'Isle in the early 18th century based upon a combination of wishful thinking, American Indian stories, and the somewhat questionable 16th century explorations of Juan de Fuca - themselves possibly an attempt by the known pilot de Fuca to lay claim to suppressed information associated with Drake's voyages. Here Buache gives the Mer de l'Ouest its fullest expression, although he specifically does not connect it to either the factual network of lakes and rivers extending westward form the Hudson Bay or to the speculative De Fonte network just to the north.

The North Pacific

On the opposite side of the map, just to the east of Kamchatka there is an unusual body of land reminiscent of the Muller Peninsula, postulated around this time based on sightings of the Aleutian Archipelago and their misinterpretation as a single land mass. This supposed island bears a significant resemblance to Gamaland or Compagnie Land as imagined by Sanson c. 1705. A note at the very edge claims that it was seen in 1741, suggesting either Vitus Bering or Alexei Chirikov. Both did in fact search for Gama or Compagnie Land in this year without significant success. Curiously both Gamaland, the supposed discovery of explorer Jean de Gama, and Compagnie, are also illustrated, well reduced over Sanson's model, just to the east of a malformed Yedo (Yeco) or modern-day Hokkaido. In actuality, both Gama and Compagnie and presented here reflect preliminary sightings of the Japanese Kuril Islands in 1643 by the Dutch navigators Maerten de Vries and Cornelis Jansz Coen. Vries and Coen were searching for Juan de Gama's discovery which was originally considered to be an island replete with silver and other precious metals.

Routes of the Spanish Galleons

Along the base of the map the Acapulco to Manila trade route is illustrated according to records dating to the British Baron George Anson's capture of the Spanish treasure galleon Nuestra Senora de Covadonga. The galleon, taken near Cape Espiritu Santo in 1743, was loaded with silver bullion and, more importantly, charts and maps detailing the routes between Mexico and the Far East used by the Spanish for over 200 years. Knowledge of this route enabled the British navy to disrupt Spanish trade in the Pacific and thus weaken its stranglehold on the Americas. Upon his return to England, Anson was hailed as a national hero and made immensely wealthy by his share of the Nuestra's treasure. The impact of Anson's exposure of the secret Acapulco - Manila route on the global economy is emphasized in its inclusion on this French map.

Promoting French Interests

A careful examination of this map also reveals much of De L'Isle's political agenda through his carto-advocacy for French interests. Here the sprawling territory of Louisiana stretches from the Rio Grande, inclusive of then Spanish Texas eastwards as far as the Apalaches (Appalachian Mountains). Frances's northern territories, 'Canada ou Nouvelle France,' extend southwards as far as the Illinois River and eastward to the Appalachian Mountains, inclusive of all five Great Lakes as well as the northern Hudson Valley and Lake Champlain. This political configuration is particularly interesting when considered within the context of the thriving fur trade. Here France dominates the fur-rich northern part of the continent and the Mississippi River, firmly located in the heart of Louisiana, offers easy access to the French port of New Orleans and a route to French markets in Europe. Moreover, it gives preference for possession of the as yet undiscovered potential of a Northwest Passage either through De Fonte routes or through the Sea of the West to France.

Publication History and Census

Santini's map was printed in Venice for Francois Santini and Joseph Remondini's 1776 reissue of De L'Isle's iconic Atlas Universel. We see one example of this atlas catalogued in the Biblioteca Comunale di Trento. The separate map is catalogued by seven institutions in OCLC.