1591 De Bry and Le Moyne Map of Florida and Cuba

…the most remarkable and important map, which has been preserved from the sixteenth century maps, of that part of the East Coast which lies between Cape Hatteras and Cape Florida … the first French map to show Florida … considered the most important map of Florida. - Johns Matthews Baxter

A map of extraordinary rarity and seminal importance, this is one of the earliest and most influential maps of the American southeast ever published. Drawn by the French artist Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues c. 1565 and published by Theodore de Bry in 1591, this magnificent map details the Florida peninsula and Carolina coast from Cuba to the Bahamas, to 'Prom Terra flag' or, as it is known today, Cape Lookout near Beaufort, North Carolina.

A Disastrous Colonial Effort

The fascinating story of this map begins with the ambitions of the influential Huguenot Admiral Gaspard de Coligny. De Coligny, desirous of a French foothold on the American mainland sent the talented navigator Jean Ribaut to establish a colony. In 1562, Ribaut landed near the mouth of the St. John River, which he named F. Maij after the month in which he landed. Ribaut and his crew then sailed north along the coast until they discovered a large bay which they named Port Royal. Here they landed and established Charlefort after King Charles IX of France. This is the first mention of Port Royal on any map and is, along with Prom. Canaueral (Cape Canaveral), the only two sites in Florida to retain their French names through the following centuries of Spanish and English dominance.

Having successfully established Charlefort, Ribaut returned to France to bring additional settlers and supplies. There he discovered his homeland to be in the midst of a religious war between the Catholic house of Valois and the Huegonot house of Bourbon, with whom he was associated. The conflict took Ribaut to England where involvement in a political plot saw him imprisoned.

Meanwhile in less than a year the colony of Charlefort, beset by famine, an aggressive indigenous population, and a lack of supplies mutinied. Constructing a small ad hoc sailing craft, the fifty or so mutinous settlers attempted to return to France. Lacking a proper navigator or notable sailing skills, the settlers would surely have died at sea had they not been picked up by a passing English ship.

Coligny and Laudonniere Give it a Second Try

By 1564, a tentative peace had been established in France and, not one to see his ambitions thwarted, Admiral De Coligny planed a second expedition to the New World. With Ribaut imprisoned in England, De Coligny chose an under commander on the first voyage, Rene de Laudonniere, to lead the second expedition. Laudonniere landed and set up a settlement along the F. Maij (River May or St. John's River) which he named Carolina. This second expedition also included the prominent French artist Jacques Le Moyne, who was commissioned to record and map as much of the region as possible. Back in Europe, Ribaut had been released from prison and Coligny sent him, along with several ships and some 200 soldiers, to take command of the Carolina settlement.

The Spanish Response

By this time the Catholic King of Spain, having heard about the French colony, dispatched the newly appointed Governor of Florida, Don Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, with orders to remove the 'Heretic French.' After a brief skirmish with Ribaut's ships, Menéndez de Avilés sailed south and established St. Augustine, the first permanent European settlement on the North American mainland. From St. Augustine, Menéndez de Avilés marched his troops overland to Carolina where they destroyed the fort and, in a shocking display of violence, slaughtered most of the settlers, including Ribuat.

The Few Survivors

Laudonniere, Le Moyne, a few others managed to escape through the surrounding swamps and forests. Catching an English ship, the small group eventually made it to London where Le Moyne ultimately settled. Given the hardships of his voyage back to Europe, it is unlikely that any of Le Moyne's original manuscript maps or sketches survived. Most scholars assume that Le Moyne must have reproduced his material from memory in London.

De Bry

About twenty years later, Jacques De Bry was in the process of assembling his multivolume Grands Voyages. De Bry traveled to London in 1587 and attempted without success to purchase Le Moyne's material. It was not until Le Moyne's death one year later that his widow sold De Bry her deceased husband's journals and papers. De Bry finally edited and published Le Moyne's account and map in 1591.

The Map and its Influence

The map itself is a remarkable piece of work incorporating information garnered from resident American Indian tribes as well as first hand observations by Le Moyne's and his fellow settlers. Florida is drawn in a V shape with the bottom lopped off. Most of Le Moyne's latitudinal calculations are correct, but erroneous calculations of longitude, common at the time, lead to an incorrect eastward extension of the Carolina and Virginia coastlines. It is Le Moyne's misfortune that this error proved to be one of his most enduring cartographic legacies. This map was used by Hondius as the basis for his 1606 map of the same region and also influenced their mapping of Virginia. The influence of the Mercator/Hondius firm saw the error perpetuated until about 1640 when Blaeu partially corrected it in his own Virginiae map.

Great Lakes of Florida

The interior is full of curious though often erroneous elements. The southernmost lake, Lactus Insula Sarrope, most likely depicts Lake Okeechobee. Further north a significantly larger lake is labeled Lacus Aquae Dulces (Sweet Water Lake) and shown to be the source of the St. John or May River. The note below this lake suggests that it is so large that its far shore could not be seen. Most scholars suggest that this must have been intended to represent Lake George or one of the other large lakes in central Florida. However, as with Le Moyne's longitudinal errors, the idea of this lake was taken up by Hondius and Mercator who, in their 1606 map, invert the course of the May River thus situating this lake far to the northwest in Appalachia. Consequently, 'through mutations of location and size [this] became the great inland lake of the Southeast' (Cumming, 478) – an apocryphal cartographic element that would remain one of Le Moyne's most tenacious legacies.

Niagara? Verrazano's Sea?

One of the most curious and striking elements on this map is a further lake depicted far to the north and fed by an enormous waterfall. Many suggest that this must have been based on indigenous knowledge of Niagara Falls. A note near the lake and falls reads that the natives of this land find grains of silver in this lake. North of this is another gigantic body of water that is mostly likely Verrazano's Sea. Verrazano erroneously postulated that the Pacific was accessible via an enormous inland sea separated from the Atlantic by only a narrow isthmus near the Grand Banks of North Carolina. However, if we accept that the gigantic waterfall shown is in fact Niagara Falls; might we not also assume that this is the first cartographic representation, however vague, of the Great Lakes, or more specifically, Lake Ontario?

Appalachian Mountains and the Bahamas

This map also names numerous American Indian villages and tribes throughout. One in particular, located near the mysterious waterfall is named Apalatci, with a note above it that reads 'Montes Apalactci' making this the first cartographic representation of the Appalachian Mountains.

The Bahamas as well as Bimini are indicated, though only vaguely. This map also shows Tampa Bay and attempts to show the Florida Keys and the Everglades. Northern Cuba is well mapped with several major cities including Havana. The seas are decorated with two sailing ships, a wonderful double spouted sea monster, a compass rose, and a navigational tool. Armorial crests of France decorate the upper right and left quadrants. At right, center, there is a large title area with descriptive text. The whole is surrounded by a decorative border with a curious sea monster motif.

Publication History and Census

This map was published by Theodore De Bry in volume two of his 1591 Grand Voyages to illustrate Jacques Le Moyne de Morgues' Brevis Narratio Eorum Quae in Florida Americae Provnicia . We see some nineteen examples of this map catalogued in OCLC.