1853 William Lynch Map and Chart of Maryland (Liberia)

This is an 1853 map and nautical chart of the ephemeral independent Maryland, in modern-day Liberia (or the Republic of Maryland), a colony for free people of color, which declared its independence as a republic soon after this map's production. This map was produced by William F. Lynch, an officer in the U.S. Navy who led a mission to West Africa to explore locations for further colonization sites for free people of color, along the lines of Liberia. It is the only map ever produced specifically focusing on the ephemera African state of Maryland.

A Closer Look

This is both a map and a coastal nautical chart of Maryland, a colony closely related to Liberia, which joined its neighbor to the north the year after this map's production. On the land side, rivers, hills, mountains, forests, and settlements are indicated, and boxes mark out areas acquired for the colony (later republic) and their dates of acquisition. On the water, soundings are provided along the coast, and shoals, reefs, and islands are noted. An inset shows Cape Palmas and the capital city of Harper, the core of the Maryland colony/republic.

Maryland in Liberia

The Maryland State Colonization Society was originally a branch of the American Colonization Society (discussed below) that decided to establish a separate African colony from the ACS colony of Liberia in order to maintain a trade monopoly with the new colony and nearby tribes. Maryland (birthplace of both Frederick Douglass and Harriet Tubman) had an active abolitionist movement in the early 19th century, and a growing proportion of the state's black population was freed through manumission, leading to both discrimination against free people of color and fears of slave uprisings or legal abolition from slave owners. As was the case with other states, colonization seemed to be an easy way to reduce racial tensions and avoid addressing the 'problem' of civil rights.

Other states also established colonies along the African coast near Monrovia, but these quickly proved unviable and were absorbed into Liberia. Maryland was an exception, being founded as a colony in 1834 at Cape Palmas, with money and governors coming from (American) Maryland, including John Brown Russwurm, an African-American who served as the colony's governor for more than a decade. Like Liberia, Maryland moved incrementally towards independence, drafting a constitution and taking on more autonomy before formally declaring independence in 1854. However, also like Liberia, the presence of the American emigrants caused tensions with neighboring tribes and the new republic faced an insurgency of the Grebo and the Kru peoples. Calling on Liberia's more powerful military for assistance, the two countries' combined forces crushed the insurgency, but the incident showed Maryland's vulnerability, and so in 1857 its people voted to join Liberia. Today, Maryland County remains as the southernmost administrative unit of Liberia.

Liberia and the American Colonization Society

The settlement of freed slaves and free people of color in Africa became a popular if controversial trend among abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic in the early 18th century. Feeling that the abolition of slavery and the granting of political rights to formerly enslaved people was politically impossible, colonization appeared to offer abolitionists a neat solution that might be palatable to the white American public, including Southerners. Some free people of color also favored colonization as a solution to the continued harassment and denial of rights they faced. Thus, the concept of colonies on the African continent for African-Americans was born.

The American Colonization Society (ACS) was formally established in 1816 to pursue this goal. In 1818, the ACS sent representatives to West Africa to find a suitable location for the colony, settling on the 'Pepper Coast' just south of Sierra Leone (which since the 1790s was home to a community of African-American colonists, most of whom were 'Black Loyalists' from the American Revolution who sided with the British to gain their freedom). However, the ACS was initially unable to persuade local tribal leaders to grant or sell territory. Nonetheless, plans for the colony progressed, and in 1819, the ACS received 100,000 USD from Congress. On February 6, 1820, the first ship, the Elizabeth, sailed from New York to West Africa with 3 ACS agents and 88 African-American emigrants. In 1821, with support of the U.S. Navy, the colonists were finally able to secure a strip of land where Monrovia now stands.

While constantly harassed by the local tribal peoples and decimated by disease (a majority of early arrivals in the colony perished within a couple of years), a steady influx of emigrants from America continued to grow the colony. Jehudi Ashmun, an early leader of the ACS, traveled extensively throughout the region in 1825 and 1826, leasing, annexing, or buying tribal lands along the coast and major rivers leading inland (although Ashmun was white, other early leaders of the ACS, such as Paul Cuffe and Elijah Johnson were African-Americans). Ashmun also helped to draft the Liberian constitution, which was based upon the U.S. Constitution but with provisions that granted Americo-Liberians political power over indigenous peoples - power that they retained well into the 20th century. Liberia, although initially conceived as part of an American Empire, declared independence from the United States and the American Colonization Society in 1847.

It is worth noting that most prominent free people of color in the U.S. were deeply opposed to the Liberia scheme, even those like Martin Delany who favored a newly-established country for free people of color. The goals of the ACS were at once racist and imperialistic. They believed that through the promotion of 'democracy' as a core virtue, they would expand the suasive sphere of American culture and trade into the 'primitive' African continent. Ashmun and the other leaders of the ACS movement in Liberia imagined the colony as an agricultural powerhouse from which the natural resources and tribal peoples of Africa could be harnessed for American interests by the same free people of color and former slaves who had been largely rejected and rebuffed by 'white' American society. Moreover, there was a perverse incentive for ACS supporters (including Abraham Lincoln) to further deprive African-Americans of political rights to placate white Americans and encourage further colonization.

Publication History and Census

This map was one of several that accompanied Commander William F. Lynch's report of his African mission to Congress, published in Message from the President of the United States to the two houses of Congress… at the commencement of the 33rd Congress in 1853. Lynch's report was later published separately and sold to the public, with accompanying illustrations but evidently not the maps, which remain quite rare. We note examples of this map being held by the Library of Congress, the New York Public Library, and Pennsylvania State University, while being scarce to the market. The entire fourth volume of the President's message of 1853 (OCLC 19712768) is more widespread, being held by eight institutions, though it is not clear if this or the other maps produced by Lynch are included.