1565 Ramusio Map of Hochelaga (first printed depiction of a North American Settlement)

This is an attractive example of the first map of 'Montreal,' in its scarce 1565 second edition. Its first 1556 printing was what Schwartz called 'The very first plan of a village in the United States or Canada,' and it is the earliest printed map to use the place name 'Monte Real,' which would become Montreal. Perhaps even more significantly, this woodcut is one of the only images from the Discovery Period of an intact indigenous town, reflecting its customs.

A Friendly Meeting

In a scene that suggests a more promising start to European / Native American relations than perhaps would prove to be warranted, Cartier is shown at lower center being greeted with evident friendliness by the St. Lawrence Iroquoian chief, or 'Agouhanna'. (Although the map's text suggests that this was the Iroquoian king's name, such was not the case. Cartier's Bref Recit Et Succincte Narration de la Navigation more correctly named the man: '...le seigneur de Canada nomé Donnacona en nom, et l'appelent pour seigneur Agouhanna...' translating to: 'the chief of Canada, called Donnacon by name, and called Agouhanna for chief.') The peacefulness of the scene is emphasized by the presence of a crowd of women and children who have ventured outside the city to see the French.

Glimpse of Iroquois Life

In providing the first European visual depiction of a Native American town, this woodcut also provides some of the only documentation of St. Lawrence Iroquois life. We are presented with a society organized for its own defense. Central to the view is a detailed depiction of the town's wooden stockade, replete with a parapet and gangway for defenders. The town itself is represented as orderly, with streets and a central square; a house for the king and his father faces the square. The plan indicates the presence of private homes, each with its own cooking hearth - some shown to be separate, some connected, none significantly less grand than that of the King himself. Outside the stockade are cultivated fields and areas fenced for game. In the lower left, we see two adults being carried piggyback: Cartier referred to this as a Hochelagan gesture of respect; following their visit, Cartier and his companions were carried back to their boats by their hosts. The Agouhanna himself, it is reported, was brought from the city on the shoulders of nine or ten men. The social order implied in the view suggests the Iroquois as a people with whom the French could profitably interact, while the freedom exhibited among the native women would have told a 16th-century European that here was a society that might benefit from the strictures of Christianity.

Publication History and Census

This map was first executed by Matteo Pagano for inclusion in the third volume of Ramusio's 1556 Navigationi et Viaggi. The woodblocks for this (and indeed all of the maps of the 1556 edition) burned in a 1557 warehouse fire. The blocks were re-engraved, probably again by Pagano, for the 1565 edition of the Navigationi et Viaggi. This second block is geographically identical to the first, but there are distinguishable changes: the two blocks are differentiated by the addition of a willow tree at the upper right on the new version, as well as the opacity of the smoke from the fire by the entrance of the stockade. Also, the letter 'F' corresponding to the map's key is missing on the second block. This block was employed one more time in 1606; this edition was easily identifiable by the small worm-shaped blank areas visible on the map - woodworms similarly infested all blocks of the 1606 edition. The 1556 edition of the third volume of Navigationi et Viaggi. is rare. Seven examples of the 1565 are listed in OCLC, while perhaps twenty of the 1606 edition appear in institutional collections. The 1565 edition of the separate map appears only at the Library and Archive of Canada; only five other examples of the other editions appear in OCLC.