Louis-Jules Arnout (June 1, 1814 - September 26, 1882) was a French artist, painter, and lithographer active during the mid-19th century. His father, Jean-Baptiste Arnout (June 24, 1788 - October 5, 1873), taught Jean-Louis the art of lithography as well as painting and other art forms. Arnout created works depicting landscapes and French, Swiss, Italian, and English cities. He displayed his work at the Paris Salon in 1852 and 1865. He died in Toulouse. He had one son, Auguste-Paul Arnout. More by this mapmaker...

Rose-Joseph Lemercier (June 29, 1803 - 1887) was a French photographer, lithographer, and printer. One of the most important Parisian lithographers of the 19th century, Lemercier was born in Paris into a family of seventeen children. His father was a basket maker, and he even began working as a basket maker at the age of fifteen, but Lemercier was drawn to lithography and printing and soon entered into an apprenticeship with Langlumé, where he worked from 1822 until 1825. After working for a handful of other printers, Lemercier started his own firm in 1828 at 2, rue Pierre Sarrazin with only one printing press. He subsequently moved a few more times before arriving at 57, rue de Seine, where he founded the printing firm Lemercier and Company. He created the firm Lemercier, Bénard and Company in 1837 with Jean François Bénard. Lemercier bought out Bénard's share in the firm in 1843 and, since his two sons died at a young age, he decided to bring his nephew Alfred into the business beginning in 1862, who would progressively take on more and more responsibility in running the firm. Between 1850 and 1870, Lemercier's firm was the largest lithographic company in Paris. The firm began to decline in prestige in the early 1870s, and, after Lemercier's death in 1887, its descent only quickened. It is unclear when the firm closed, but Alfred directed the firm until his death in 1901. Learn More...

François Bulla (fl. c. 1814 - 1855) was a French engraver, printmaker, lithographer, and printer. Born in Tessin, Bulla opened his business at 98, Rue du Temple around 1814 and moved to 38, Rue Saint-Jacques in 1821. Bulla published a catalog of his work in 1838 entitled Catalogue général des estampes et lithographies compost le fond de F. Bulla, éditeur, quaint Saint-Michel, 25 that was printed by the Imprimerie de Ducessois. Bulla's business was described in the Bazar Parisien in 1826 in this manner:

Possesses a considerable stock of prints in all formats. A print of Girodet's painting La bataille de la révolte du Caire stands out, along with allegorical and historical prints, as well as prints illustrating religious subjects. He accompanies these with a series of beautifully executed landscapes.

The firm moved to Rome in 1840, establishing itself at 2 Via del Vantaggio not far from the Piazza del Popolo. In 1848, Bulla entered into a short-lived partnership with Cereghetti; he then moved on to a partnership with Stampa, a Spanish editor, in 1849. Bulla retired in 1855. Bulla had five sons: Eugène (known as Bulla ainé), Joseph, Antoine, Laurent, and Jean-Baptiste. All five of his sons would adopt their father's profession and become either editors or printers. His two oldest sons established their own firms. Antoine was sent by his father to Cadiz in 1849, but when François retired in 1855, Antoine took over his father's share of the partnership with Stampa. The firm still operates to this day in Rome, Italy and is owned by Bulla's descendants. Learn More...

Jean Joseph Ernest Theodore Gambart (October 12, 1814 - April 12, 1902) was a Belgian-born English art dealer and publisher who eventually grew to dominate the London art world in the mid-nineteenth century. Born in Kortrijk, Belgium, Gambert was the son of a bookseller, binder, and printer. He moved to Paris before he was nineteen and established his own print and papermaking business. He moved to London in 1840 to establish a branch there for the well-established print publishing company Goupil. In 1842 he established his own firm yet again, forming a partnership with a Mr. Junin, and their firm Gambart and Junin specialized in importing art prints from Europe. By 1844, the company had established itself as print publishers as well as importers and exporters. Gambart quickly became known as a leading art print publisher, and gained a reputation for fair and mutually beneficial agreements with artists. By 1849 Gambart expanded to include original works. Gambart was one of the first to establish an art gallery as they are recognized today, creating relationships between himself and artists and art buyers. Before his exhibitions at his gallery, art was generally sold directly from the artist to the buyer, who was often a patron. Gambart married three times but did not have any children. In 1846, he became a British subject. Gambert retired in 1870 and handed the business over to his nephew, Léon Henri Lefèvre,l who continued the business, and the Lefevre Gallery existed in London until 2002. Gambart moved to Nice with his third wife, whom he married when she was sixteen years old, and he died in 1902. Learn More...