1894 National View Bird's-Eye View Map of Port au Peck, Oceanport, New Jersey

This is a rare 1894 real-estate promotional bird's-eye view of Port-au-Peck, Oceanport, New Jersey. The view captures the preliminary development of Port-au-Peck as a residential resort community in the late 19th century.

Port-au-Peck

Port-au-peck is a small unincorporated seaside community within Ocean Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. The name comes from the Lenape name 'Pootapeck'. It was settled as early as the 17th century but remained largely rural farmland until the late 19th century. Much of the Port-au-Peck peninsula was acquired by real estate investor William W. 'Black Bill' Conover. Flush from his success in transforming Rumson, New Jersey, into a resort of the wealthy elite, he turned his attention to Port-au-Peck, acquiring 360 acres there in the 1880s, lotting the land, and laying out a street grid. He hoped to capitalize on Port-au-Peck's proximity to the newly opened Long Branch railroad. The development proceeded much as Conover hoped, although as he died in 1896, shortly after the streets were laid out, he never lived to see it. Today Port-au-Peck is a residential subdivision of Oceanport - which ironically, although located on an inlet, has neither ocean nor port.

American Bird's-Eye City Views

The Bird's-Eye view industry emerged in the United States in the middle part of the 19th century and coincided with the commercial development of lithographic printing. Before the rise of lithography, the ability to own and display artwork in the home was largely limited to the extremely wealthy, but the advent of lithographic printing made it possible for everyone to own visually striking artwork. A robust trade developed in portraits of political leaders, allegorical and religious images, and city views.

City views were being produced in the United States as early as the 1830s, but the genre exploded after the American Civil War (1861 - 1865). Bridging the gap between maps and pictures, most 19th century American bird's-eye views presented cities to the public from highpoints. Some were imagined, but others were drawn from hot-air balloons or nearby hills. The presentation, combining high elevation, commercial interest, and new printing technology created a uniquely American artform, as described by historian Donald Karshan,

Some print connoisseurs believe that it was only with the advent of the full-blown city-view lithograph that American printmaking reached its first plateau of originality, making a historical contribution to the graphic arts. They cite the differences between the European city-view prints and the expansive American version that reflects a new land and a new attitude toward the land.

The vogue for bird's-eye city views lasted from about 1845 to 1920, during which period some 2,400 cities were thus portrayed, some multiple times. Although views were produced in many urban centers, the nexus of view production in the United States was Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The major American viewmakers were Stoner, Wellge, Bailey, Fowler, Hill Ruger, Koch, Burleigh, Norris, and Morse, among others.

Publication History and Census

This view was compiled and published in 1894-95 by the National View Company of Boston for William Conover, a real estate developer in New Jersey. The view may have been part of a real estate prospectus. There are only two known surviving examples, this one, and another held at the Library of Congress.