1592 Ortelius Map of the World: Typus Orbis Terrarum

One of the most iconic maps of all time, this is Abraham Ortelius's 1592 map of the world, Typus Orbis Terrarum, here in the first state of the 3rd edition. The map was published in Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the first modern published atlas. The map embraces the entirety of the known world and represented the most widely-disseminated and eagerly-copied image of the world available to the European reader at the end of the 16th century. In compiling this map Ortelius drew on the best cartography available, including Gerard Mercator's map of 1569, Giacomo Gastaldi's 1561 World Map, Diego Gutierrez's portolan of the Atlantic, as well as other works by Sebastian Cabot, Jodocus Hondius, Orontius Finaeus, Petrus Plancius, Gemma Frisius, Laurent Fries, and more.

Terra Australis Nondum Cognita or the Speculative Southern Continent

The map exhibits a host of striking features, but perhaps none stand out more than the enormous continent massing at the base of the map identified as Terra Australis Nondum Cognita (Southern Land Not Known). Long before the discovery of Antarctica, the southern continent, supposedly capping the South Pole, was speculated upon by European geographers of the 16th and 17th centuries. It was thought, based upon the writings of Aristotle, that the globe was a place of balances and thus geographers presumed the bulk of Eurasia must be counterbalanced by a similar landmass in the Southern Hemisphere, just as, they argued, the Americas counterbalanced Africa and Europe. Many explorers in the 16th and 17th centuries sought the Great Southern Continent, including Quiros, Drake, and Cook, but Antarctica itself was not truly discovered until Edward Bransfield and William Smith sighted the Antarctic Peninsula in 1820.

Marco Polo's Geography

Much of the more notable speculative geography here relates to interpretations of Marco Polo's Travels. Among these are a number of identified lands in Terra Australis, including 'Beach', 'Lucach', and 'Maletur'. All three locations appear in Polo's Travels, but where Polo was describing places in Java, later cartographers ascribed them to the speculative southern continent. This is probably related to a printing error in the 1532 edition of Polo's Travels wherein Java Minor appeared disproportionally gigantic. Attempting to reconcile the 1532 Polo geography with actual discoveries in the East Indies, cartographers relocated 'Beach', 'Lucach', and 'Maletur' were further south and attached them to the Southern Continent.

Similarly, the land of Anian is identified in the far northwestern part of American in what might today be considered a proto-Alaska. At this time no European navigator had explored these extreme Arctic seas but again, cartographers turned to Marco Polo. Polo described a Chinese province named Ania located on a large gulf. This was in fact the Gulf of Tonquin, near modern day Vietnam, which then was referred to as Anian. Polo's description was vague enough that the cartographer Giacomo Gastaldi transposed in to the northwest coast of American on his world map of 1562. This error was followed by numerous subsequent cartographers including Zaltieri, Mercator, and of course, Ortelius. The identification of this region as Anian persisted until the late 18th century when more comprehensive exploration of the Pacific Northwest spearheaded by Captain James Cook shed more light on the region.

Cities of Gold and other Wondrous Places

Also in North America, several cities appear, among them Quivara (Quivira), Cibola (Ceuola), Tiguex (Teguayo), Totonte, Axa, and Granata – these are known in aggregate as the Seven Cities of Gold. The origin of the Seven Cities may connect to legends of Antilla, a mythic island that appears on some early portolan charts of the Atlantic and even appears here on Ortelius's map at the center of the Atlantic as Sept Cites (Seven Cities). The legend describes how when the Moors invaded Porto in the early 8th century, the city's seven bishops took all of their wealth and fled to the sea. They prayed to god and were granted a refuge in the form of a magical paradise in the Atlantic where each bishop established a mighty city. When navigators failed to discover Antilla in the Atlantic, legends pushed the Seven Cities further west into unexplored lands north of Mexico. Years later, the gold and glory-seeking conquistador Hernando Coronado ploughed through the region with a massive army sacking several Zuni Pueblos (generally associated with Cibola) and a city on the Great Plains known as Quivira, but failed to find the gold he sought.

Northwest and Northeast Passages

Far to the north an open Arctic Sea passage winds its way around the globe. This is the much sought-after Northwest Passage (to the north of America) and Northeast Passage (over Asia). Such passages could provide quick access to the rich markets of Asia, which offered both an outlet for European silver and furs from the American colonies, as well as produced spices, silks, and other trade goods coveted in Europe. When Ortelius drew this map, no one had successfully navigated such a passage, but many scholars argued that it must exist. Countless explorers lost their lives in search of the apocryphal routes. Ironically, while it is true that ice conditions in the high Arctic meant that in Ortelius' time no such passage existed, today, with global warming reducing the size of the Polar Ice Cap, a navigable passage has indeed formed.

Publication History and Census

This map exists in three states, all of which were published in editions of the Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, the world's first proper atlas. The first edition or plate appeared in 1570 and was engraved for Ortelius by Franz Hogenburg, a Flemish map engraver and artist. That plate was used in the first 16 editions of the Theatrum. The lower left corner cracked in 1575 and was fixed several times yielding five different states.

A second plate/edition was engraved in 1586 and is dated such. The second state of the second plate removed the date. The third state, second plate, initiated major change in South America wherein a large erroneous bulge on the southwestern coast was removed.

The third plate/edition, first state, (the present example) was issued in 1587 and is dated such. This plate is notable for the addition of corner medallions and a new border. Although engraved in 1587, it was not issued in editions of the Theatrum until 1592. A second state, appearing around 1628, removes the 1587 and adds the Strait of Le Maire near the Straits of Magellan.