1714 Homann Map of Carolina, Virginia, Maryland and New Jersey

A striking example of Johann Baptist Homann's c. 1715 map of Virginia, Carolina, Maryland, and New Jersey, considered one of the most important maps of this region to appear in the 18th century, here in its first state. Homann drew this map to advocate for Virginia Lieutenant-Governor Alexander Spotswood's 1714 - 1717 plan to settle the little-known interior of Virginia with German immigrants. Shown here is the first mapping of 'Germantown Teutsche Statt' (Germanna) on the Rapidan River, a fork of the Rappahannock River, Fort Christanna (Christ Anna Fort) on the Makharing River, and 'Miester Krugs Plantasie' on the James River. The omission of Spotswood's connection to this map has long led it to be misunderstood and dismissed by scholars.

Spotswood's Plan - Settling Germans in Virginia

While serving as Virginia Lieutenant Governor and de facto governor, Spotswood (1676 - 1740) received numerous land grants in Virginia's interior - then a little-known mountainous region. The intent of the grants was to create a buffer zone against French incursion from the west. Aware of potential mineral resources, Spotswood conceived a plan to entice German miners and ironworkers - then widely recognized as the best in Europe - to settle there. Such was not without precedent, as earlier maps and other evidence suggest there were already German settlers in the Shenandoah Valley, such as 'Miester Krugs Plantasie', likely emigres from the German settlements in Pennsylvania just to the north.

German Settlements in Virginia

Spotswood began advertising in Germany for potential immigrants and contracted Johann Baptist Homann to make a map highlighting his vision. Here, three towns of potential interest to the German immigrant appear for the first time: 'Germantown Teutsche Statt' (Germanna) on the Rapidan River, Fort Christanna (Christ Anna Fort) on the Makharing River, and 'Miester Krugs Plantasie' on the James River. Of Master Krug's Plantation, little or nothing is known, but it is believed to pre-date Spotswood's grants. The other two settlements, Germanna and Fort Christanna, are significant. Germanna is the site where most of Spotswood's miners would eventually settle. It is also where Spotswood established his ironworks and later settled himself, constructing an enormous manor house.

Fort Christanna, further south, was built as a bulwark against the French and French-aligned American Indian groups such as the Tuscarora. Christanna also acted as the headquarters of the Virginia Indian Company, a joint-stock venture founded in 1714 with the intention of trading with indigenous nations.

Knights of the Golden Horseshoe

Little has been said about the mapping of Lake Erie occupying the northwest quadrant. By 1715, the general outline and location of all five Great Lakes were known - but their proportions and latitudinal level were still debated. The influential 1685 Jean Baptiste Louis Franquelin manuscript map places Lake Erie's southernmost shore roughly level with the northern part of the Chesapeake Bay - as shown here. Based upon the best cartography of the time, it was logical to assume one might travel northwest from Virginia only a short distance before reaching Erie. In 1716, Spotswood launched his Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition, in which a band of some 50 prominent Virginians set forth from Germanna to explore a potential route to Erie. This was a gentlemanly expedition, lacking the horrors commonly associated with exploration. They are said to have stopped frequently to enjoy the ample provisions of wine and spirits, not a single explorer was lost, and meetings with American Indian nations were peaceful. They crossed the Blue Ridge Mountains and entered the Shenandoah Valley, claiming it in the name of King George I. They did not reach Lake Erie, but believed they had discovered the route. In return, Spotswood gave expedition members commemorative tokens shaped like a golden horseshoe.

Lake Erie?

Spotswood wrote that the expedition aimed to discover a route to Lake Erie, which he believed to be close and accessible. On this map, it is separated from Germanna by a narrow range of mountains (the Blue Ridge?), beyond which rivers flow directly into the Lake. This intervening territory he attaches to 'Florida'. The occupants of this region were mostly American Indian nations loosely allied to French Louisiana. Whether Homann is here using 'Spanish Florida' to undermine French claims OR referencing 'French Florida' claims dating to the 16th century is unclear. Either way, discovering such a route would certainly make settlement more appealing, giving access to more markets and trade, as well as thwarting the growing French influence. Spotswood later sought sanction and funding from King George I to make a second expedition, establish a trade route, and build an outpost on Lake Erie, but permission was never granted.

New Mapping Meets Old

Although Homann's remarkable representation of Spotswood's plan is extraordinarily up-to-date, considering that Fort Christanna was founded around the same year this map was initially published, the remainder of the map embraces several common misconceptions and cartographic inaccuracies. Probably the most notable is his inclusion of Apalache Lacus. This lake, intended as the source of the May River, appeared on maps of this region beginning with the 1591 Le Moyne-De Bry map. Le Moyne correctly mapped the river turning south into central Florida, but later cartographers, particularly Mercator/Hondius in 1606, incorrectly mapped the lake to the northwest, in western Carolina. This is likely the result of an erroneous conflation of the May and Savannah Rivers. The apocryphal lake remained on maps well into the mid-18th century before exploration and settlement disproved it.

More on the Map

Homann offers a wealth of detail along the Atlantic coast, where most of the European colonization efforts were focused. Countless towns and cities are identified from Long Island south to Craven County, Carolina. New York City is mapped on the southern tip of Manhattan Island but is not specifically labeled. New Jersey is divided into the colonial provinces of East New Jersey and West New Jersey. Curiously, Homann maps a large inland lake, 'Zuyd Lac,' straddling the New Jersey - Pennsylvania border. This is undoubtedly an early interpretation of the natural widening of the Delaware River at the Delaware Water Gap. Heading south along the Delaware River, Philadelphia is identified and beautifully rendered as a grid embraced in four quadrants. Both the Delaware Bay and the Chesapeake Bay are engraved in full and include submarine features and depth soundings. In Virginia and Carolina, the river systems are surprisingly well-mapped, and a primitive county structure is beginning to emerge. The early Virginia counties of Rappahannock, Henrico, City, Isle of Wright, Nansemond, Northumberland, Middlesex, Gloster, and Corotvk are noted. Similarly, in Carolina, a number of counties are named, most of which refer to the Lords Proprietors, including Albemarle, Clarenden, and Craven. Cape Fear, Cape Lookout, and Cape Hatteras are noted, and a number of anchorages, reefs, and depth soundings appear.

The Dramatic Cartouche

The lower right is occupied by a fabulous decorative title cartouche. Centered on an enormous scallop shell bearing the map's title, the cartouche features American Indians trading with a Spotswood. The region's wealth is expressed by an abundance of fish, game, and other trade products. Curling behind the scallop shell is a gigantic alligator styled to resemble a medieval dragon.

Publication History and Census

This map was published by J.B. Homann both as a separate issue and in his Atlas Novus. Unfortunately, this map has no definitive publication date, although most date the first issue to about 1715. This would postdate the 1714 first wave of German immigrants under Spotswood's plan but pre-date the second 1717 wave. None of the locations discovered by the 1716 Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition are named, suggesting it pre-dated that expedition; thus, 1715 is likely correct. Also, this example lacks the Imperial 'Cum Privilegio,' which identifies second-state examples of the map, c. 1730. The plates for the map wore out quickly, so most later examples exhibit a weak impression. The strong impression here suggests an early strike off the plate. This map appeared in various Homann atlases from about 1715 to 1730.