1862 Arnold Map of Washington D.C. during the Civil War

Edward Greene 'Aloha Vivarttas' Arnold (September 24, 1834 - August 31, 1898) was an American marine architect, civil engineer, and inventor active in Washington D.C. and New York in the middle part of the 19th century. Arnold was born in Providence, Rhode Island, the son of Aza Arnold (1788 - 1865) and Abigail Dennis (1794 - 1877). His family was old and prestigious, having come to the United States in 1663 and settling in East Greenwich, Rhode Island. He studied architecture and engineering. Sometime in the late 1850s, the entire Arnold family, including Asa, moved to Washington D.C. to participate in the building of the new capital. In 1860, he is recorded in both the New York and the Washington D.C. Federal Censuses. In 1861 he produced, in partnership with the Colton firm, an important map of Washington D.C. After the Civil War he relocated to New York City, where he lived until 1880, when he moved to Hoboken. In New York, he successfully established himself as an architect and inventor, filing multiple patents. Sometime after the Civil War, likely in the late 1870s, Edward bizarrely changed his name to 'Aloha Vivarttas', with his wife and children also adopting the 'Vivarttas' name. Vivartta is a Hindu term from Vedic tradition meaning the 'essential material of a thing.' The unusual choice suggests that the Arnold family was associated with the Theosophical Society, a quasi-religious esoteric order rooted in mysticism tenuously connected to Hindu and Buddhist scripture. The Theosophical Society was established in New York in 1874 gaining an immediate following - roughly aligning with the name change. From this point on, 'Aloha Vivarttas' is the given name for census records and other official documentation, such as patent applications, of which he had many. He also named his children 'Vivarttas', abandoning 'Arnold' altogether. Arnold / Viarttas died in Weehawken. His son Percie A. Vivarttas (Arnold), was also a prominent architect. More by this mapmaker...

Joseph Hutchins Colton (July 5, 1800 - July 29, 1893), often publishing as J. H. Colton, was an important American map and atlas publisher active from 1833 to 1897. Colton's firm arose from humble beginnings when he moved to New York in 1831 and befriended the established engraver Samuel Stiles. He worked under Stiles as the 'Co.' in Stiles and Co. from 1833 to 1836. Colton quickly recognized an emerging market in railroad maps and immigrant guides. Not a cartographer or engraver himself, Colton's initial business practice mostly involved purchasing the copyrights of other cartographers, most notably David H. Burr, and reissuing them with updated engraving and border work. His first maps, produced in 1833, were based on earlier Burr maps and depicted New York State and New York City. Between 1833 and 1855 Colton would proceed to publish a large corpus of guidebooks and railroad maps which proved popular. In the early 1850s Colton brought his two sons, George Woolworth Colton (1827 - 1901) and Charles B. Colton (1832 - 1916), into the map business. G. W. Colton, trained as a cartographer and engraver, was particularly inspired by the idea of creating a large and detailed world atlas to compete established European firms for the U.S. market. In 1855, G.W. Colton issued volume one the impressive two volume Colton's Atlas of the World. Volume two followed a year later. Possibly because of the expense of purchasing a two-volume atlas set, the sales of the Atlas of the World did not meet Colton's expectations and so, in 1856, the firm also issued the atlas as a single volume. The maps contained in this superb work were all original engravings and most bear an 1855 copyright. All of the maps were surrounded by an attractive spiral motif border that would become a hallmark of Colton's atlas maps well into the 1880s. In 1857, the slightly smaller Colton's General Atlas replaced the Atlas of the World, which lacked the border. Most early editions of the General Atlas published from 1857 to 1859 do not have the trademark Colton spiral border, which was removed to allow the maps to fit into a smaller format volume. Their customers must have missed the border because it was reinstated in 1860 and remained in all subsequent publications of the atlas. There were also darker times ahead, in 1858 Colton was commissioned at sum of 25,000 USD by the government of Bolivia to produce and deliver 10,000 copies a large format map of that country. Although Colton completed the contract in good faith, delivering the maps at his own expense, he was never paid by Bolivia, which was at the time in the midst of a series national revolutions. Colton would spend the remainder of his days fighting with the Bolivian and Peruvian governments over this payment and in the end, after a congressional intervention, received as much as 100,000 USD in compensation. Nonetheless, at the time it must have been a disastrous blow. J. H. Colton and Company is listed as one of New York's failed companies in the postal record of 1859. It must have been this that led Colton into the arms of Alvin Jewett Johnson and Ross C. Browning. The 1859 edition of Colton's General Atlas lists Johnson and Browning as the 'Successor's to J. H. Colton' suggesting an outright buyout, but given that both companies continued to publish separately, the reality is likely more complex. Whatever the case may have been, this arrangement gave Johnson and Browning access to many of Colton's map plates and gave birth to Johnson's New Illustrated (Steel Plate) Family Atlas. The Johnson's Atlas was published parallel to Colton's atlas well in to the 1880s. The Colton firm itself subsequently published several other atlases including an Atlas of America, the Illustrated Cabinet Atlas, the Octavo Atlas of the Union, and Colton's Quarto Atlas of the World. They also published a large corpus of wall maps, pocket maps, and guides. The last known publications of the Colton firm date to 1897 and include a map and a view, both issued in association with the Merchant's Association of New York. Alice M. Colton married August R. Ohman (May 3, 1859 - April 22, 1934) on January 5, 1897. In 1898, Ohman joined the Colton firm, which continued to publish as Colton, Ohman & Co. until 1901. Learn More...